Florentine Family Who Supported Many Artist and Writers

Italian statesman, banker, and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic (1449-1492)

Lorenzo de' Medici
Portrait by Agnolo Bronzino at the Uffizi, Florence
Ruler of Florence
Reign	2 Dec 1469 – 8 April 1492
Predecessor	Piero the Gouty
Successor	Piero the Unfortunate
Full name Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici
Born	1 January 1449 Florence, Commonwealth of Florence
Died	8 April 1492 (aged 43) Careggi, Republic of Florence
Noble family	Medici
Spouse(south)	Clarice Orsini
Issue	Lucrezia de' Medici Piero de' Medici Maddalena de' Medici Contessina Beatrice de' Medici Giovanni de' Medici, Pope Leo 10 Luisa de' Medici Contessina de' Medici Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours
Male parent	Piero the Gouty
Mother	Lucrezia Tornabuoni
Signature

Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici (Italian: [loˈrɛntso de ˈmɛːditʃi]; 1 Jan 1449 – eight April 1492)^[1] was an Italian statesman, banker, de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic and the almost powerful and enthusiastic patron of Renaissance culture in Italy.^{[2] [iii] [four]} Too known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo il Magnifico [loˈrɛntso il maɲˈɲiːfiko]) past contemporary Florentines, he was a magnate, diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists, and poets. Every bit a patron, he is all-time known for his sponsorship of artists such equally Botticelli and Michelangelo. He held the balance of power within the Italic League, an alliance of states that stabilized political atmospheric condition on the Italian peninsula for decades, and his life coincided with the mature phase of the Italian Renaissance and the Golden Historic period of Florence.^[five] On the foreign policy front end, Lorenzo manifested a articulate plan to stalk the territorial ambitions of Pope Sixtus IV, in the name of the balance of the Italian League of 1454. For these reasons, Lorenzo was the subject of the Pazzi conspiracy (1478), in which his brother Giuliano was assassinated. The Peace of Lodi of 1454 that he helped maintain among the various Italian states collapsed with his death. He is buried in the Medici Chapel in Florence.

Youth [edit]

Lorenzo'due south grandfather, Cosimo de' Medici, was the first member of the Medici family to lead the Republic of Florence and run the Medici Bank simultaneously. Every bit one of the wealthiest men in Europe, Cosimo spent a very big portion of his fortune on government and philanthropy, for example as a patron of the arts and financier of public works.^[half-dozen] Lorenzo's father, Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, was equally at the centre of Florentine civic life, chiefly as an art patron and collector, while Lorenzo's uncle, Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici, took care of the family'southward business interests. Lorenzo's female parent, Lucrezia Tornabuoni, was a writer of sonnets and a friend to poets and philosophers of the Medici University.^[7] She became her son's advisor subsequently the deaths of his begetter and uncle.^[6]

Lorenzo, considered the most promising of the five children of Piero and Lucrezia, was tutored by a diplomat and bishop, Gentile de' Becchi, and the humanist philosopher Marsilio Ficino,^[viii] and he was trained in Greek by John Argyropoulos.^[9] With his brother Giuliano, he participated in jousting, hawking, hunting, and horse breeding for the Palio, a horse race in Siena. In 1469, anile 20, he won first prize in a jousting tournament sponsored by the Medici. The joust was the subject of a poem written past Luigi Pulci.^[10] Niccolò Machiavelli also wrote of the occasion, perchance sarcastically, that he won "non by way of favour, but by his own valour and skill in arms".^[11] He carried a banner painted past Verrocchio, and his horse was named Morello di Vento.^{[12] [thirteen]}

Piero sent Lorenzo on many of import diplomatic missions when he was still a youth, including trips to Rome to meet the pope and other important religious and political figures.^[14]

Lorenzo was described as rather apparently of appearance and of average height, having a broad frame and short legs, dark pilus and optics, a squashed nose, curt-sighted optics and a harsh vocalization. Giuliano, on the other mitt, was regarded equally handsome and a "golden boy", and was used as a model by Botticelli in his painting of Mars and Venus.^[15] Even Lorenzo's close friend Niccolo Valori described him as homely, saying, "nature had been a stepmother to him in regards to his personal advent, although she had acted every bit a loving mother in all things concocted with the mind. His complexion was night, and although his face was not handsome it was so total of dignity as to compel respect."^[16]

The Adoration of the Magi includes several generations of the Medici family and their retainers. Sixteen-year-old Lorenzo is to the left, with his horse, prior to his departure on a diplomatic mission to Milan.

Politics [edit]

Lorenzo, clean-cut for ability, assumed a leading office in the state upon the death of his father in 1469, when he was 20. Already tuckered by his grandfather'southward building projects and constantly stressed past mismanagement, wars, and political expenses, the assets of the Medici Bank reduced seriously during the course of Lorenzo's lifetime.^[17]

Lorenzo, like his grandfather, father, and son, ruled Florence indirectly through surrogates in the city councils by means of payoffs and strategic marriages.^{[18] [xix]} Rival Florentine families inevitably harboured resentments over the Medicis' dominance, and enemies of the Medici remained a factor in Florentine life long after Lorenzo's passing.^[18] The most notable of the rival families was the Pazzi, who nearly brought Lorenzo's reign to an end.^[20]

On Sunday, 26 April 1478, in an incident known as the Pazzi conspiracy, a group headed past Girolamo Riario, Francesco de' Pazzi, and Francesco Salviati (the archbishop of Pisa), attacked Lorenzo and his blood brother and co-ruler Giuliano in the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in an try to seize command of the Florentine government.^[21] Shockingly, Salviati acted with the approving of his patron Pope Sixtus 4. Giuliano was killed, brutally stabbed to expiry, but Lorenzo escaped with just a pocket-size wound to the cervix, having been defended by the poet Poliziano.^[22] News of the conspiracy spread throughout Florence, and information technology was brutally put down by the populace through such measures equally the lynching of the archbishop of Pisa and members of the Pazzi family who were involved in the conspiracy.^[20]

In the backwash of the Pazzi conspiracy and the punishment of supporters of Pope Sixtus Iv, the Medici and Florence earned the wrath of the Holy See, which seized all the Medici avails that Sixtus could detect, excommunicated Lorenzo and the entire government of Florence, and ultimately put the entire Florentine city-state under interdict.^[23] When these moves had piffling upshot, Sixtus formed a war machine alliance with King Ferdinand I of Naples, whose son, Alfonso, Knuckles of Calabria, led an invasion of the Florentine Republic, notwithstanding ruled by Lorenzo.^[24]

Lorenzo rallied the citizens. All the same, with piddling support from the traditional Medici allies in Bologna and Milan,^[twenty] the war dragged on, and only diplomacy past Lorenzo, who personally traveled to Naples and became a prisoner of the king for several months, ultimately resolved the crunch. That success enabled Lorenzo to secure constitutional changes within the regime of the Florentine Republic that further enhanced his own power.^[18]

Thereafter, Lorenzo, similar his granddad Cosimo de' Medici, pursued a policy of maintaining peace, balancing power betwixt the northern Italian states and keeping major European states such as France and the Holy Roman Empire out of Italy. Lorenzo maintained good relations with Sultan Mehmed Ii of the Ottoman Empire, as the Florentine maritime merchandise with the Ottomans was a major source of wealth for the Medici.^[25]

Efforts to acquire revenue from the mining of alum in Tuscany unfortunately marred Lorenzo's reputation. Alum had been discovered by local citizens of Volterra, who turned to Florence to get backing to exploit this important natural resource. A fundamental commodity in the glassmaking, tanning and textile industries, alum was available from just a few sources under the control of the Ottomans and monopolized by Genoa before the discovery of alum sources in Italia at Tolfa. First the Roman Curia in 1462, then Lorenzo and the Medici Banking concern less than a year afterward, got involved in backing the mining operation, with the pope taking a two-ducat commission for each cantar quintal of alum retrieved and ensuring a monopoly against the Turkish-derived goods by prohibiting trade in alum with infidels.^[26] When they realized the value of the alum mine, the people of Volterra wanted its revenues for their municipal funds rather than having it enter the pockets of their Florentine backers. Thus began an insurrection and secession from Florence, which involved putting to death several opposing citizens. Lorenzo sent mercenaries to suppress the revolt by strength, and the mercenaries ultimately sacked the city. Lorenzo hurried to Volterra to brand amends, but the incident would remain a dark stain on his tape.^{[27] [28]}

Patronage [edit]

Lorenzo's court included artists such as Piero and Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Andrea del Verrocchio, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Michelangelo Buonarroti, who were instrumental in achieving the 15th-century Renaissance. Although Lorenzo did non commission many works himself, he helped these artists to secure commissions from other patrons. Michelangelo lived with Lorenzo and his family for three years, dining at the family table and participating in discussions led by Marsilio Ficino.

Lorenzo was an artist and wrote poetry in his native Tuscan. In his poetry, he celebrates life while acknowledging with melancholy the fragility and instability of the human condition, particularly in his later works. Love, feasts and light dominate his verse.^[29]

Cosimo had started the collection of books that became the Medici Library (too chosen the Laurentian Library), and Lorenzo expanded it. Lorenzo's agents retrieved from the East large numbers of classical works, and he employed a large workshop to copy his books and disseminate their content beyond Europe. He supported the development of humanism through his circle of scholarly friends, including the philosophers Marsilio Ficino, Poliziano and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.^[30] They studied Greek philosophers and attempted to merge the ideas of Plato with Christianity.

Apart from a personal interest, Lorenzo besides used the Florentine milieu of fine arts for his diplomatic efforts. An example includes the commission of Ghirlandaio, Botticelli, Pietro Perugino and Cosimo Rosselli from Rome to paint murals in the Sistine Chapel, a movement that has been interpreted as sealing the brotherhood betwixt Lorenzo and Pope Sixtus IV.^[30]

In 1471, Lorenzo calculated that his family had spent some 663,000 florins (about Usa$460 million today) on clemency, buildings and taxes since 1434. He wrote,

"I practice not regret this for though many would consider it better to accept a part of that sum in their pocketbook, I consider information technology to have been a swell honour to our land, and I recollect the money was well-expended and I am well-pleased."^[31] From 1479 Lorenzo became a permanent member of the commission supervising the rebuild of the signoria in Florence. He created a court of artists in his sculpture garden at San Marco which allowed him to exert 'enormous influence on the choice of artists on public projects'.^[32]

Marriage and children [edit]

Lorenzo married Clarice Orsini by proxy on 7 February 1469.^{[ citation needed ]} The spousal relationship in person took place in Florence on 4 June 1469. She was a daughter of Giacomo Orsini, Lord of Monterotondo and Bracciano by his wife and cousin Maddalena Orsini. Clarice and Lorenzo had x children, all except Contessina Antonia built-in in Florence:

• Lucrezia Maria Romola de' Medici (1470–1553),^[33] who married Jacopo Salviati on 10 September 1486 and had ten children of her own, including Cardinal Giovanni Salviati, Central Bernardo Salviati, Maria Salviati (mother of Cosimo I de' Medici, One thousand Knuckles of Tuscany), and Francesca Salviati (mother of Pope Leo 11)
• Twins who died after birth (March 1471)^{[ commendation needed ]}
• Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici (1472–1503),^[33] called "the Unfortunate", was ruler of Florence after his father'southward death
• Maria Maddalena Romola de' Medici (1473–1528) married Franceschetto Cybo (illegitimate son of Pope Innocent VIII) on 25 February 1487 and had seven children
• Contessina Beatrice de' Medici, died presently after her birth on 23 September 1474^{[ citation needed ]}
• Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici (1475–1521),^[33] ascended to the papacy as Leo X in 1513^[34]
• Luisa de' Medici (1477–1488),^[33] also called Luigia, was betrothed to Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano, but died young
• Contessina Antonia Romola de' Medici (1478–1515),^[33] born in Pistoia, married Piero Ridolfi (1467–1525) in 1494 and had five children, including Cardinal Niccolò Ridolfi
• Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici (1479–1516)^[33] was created Duke of Nemours in 1515 by Francis I of France

Lorenzo adopted his nephew Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici (1478–1534), the illegitimate son of his slain brother Giuliano. In 1523, subsequently serving four years as ruler of Florence, Giulio ascended to the papacy equally Pope Clement VII.^[35]

Detail of Domenico Ghirlandaio'southward Confirmation of the Franciscan Rule from the Sassetti Chapel frescos. Mounting the stairs in the forefront are the tutor of Lorenzo'due south sons, Angelo Poliziano, and Lorenzo'southward sons Giuliano, Piero and Giovanni, followed past 2 members of the Humanist University.

Later years, death, and legacy [edit]

Sacra rappresentazione dei santi Giovanni due east Paolo ("Holy representation of the Saints John and Paul"), a work past Lorenzo in the afterwards years

During Lorenzo'southward tenure, several branches of the family bank collapsed because of bad loans, and in afterwards years he got into financial difficulties and resorted to misappropriating trust and land funds.

Toward the cease of Lorenzo's life, Florence came under the influence of Savonarola, who believed Christians had strayed as well far into Greco-Roman culture. Lorenzo played a role in bringing Savonarola to Florence.^[36]

Lorenzo died during the belatedly night of 8 April 1492, at the longtime family villa of Careggi.^[37] Savonarola visited Lorenzo on his deathbed. The rumour that Savonarola damned Lorenzo on his deathbed has been refuted in Roberto Ridolfi's book Vita di Girolamo Savonarola. Letters written by witnesses to Lorenzo's death report that he died peacefully after listening to the Gospel of the day.^[38] Many signs and portents were claimed to have taken place at the moment of his decease, including the dome of Florence Cathedral being struck by lightning, ghosts appearing, and the lions kept at Via Leone fighting one another.^[39]

The Signoria and councils of Florence issued a decree:

Whereas the foremost homo of all this city, the lately deceased Lorenzo de' Medici, did, during his whole life, fail no opportunity of protecting, increasing, adorning and raising this metropolis, but was ever ready with counsel, potency and painstaking, in thought and human action; shrank from neither trouble nor danger for the skilful of the country and its freedom..... it has seemed good to the Senate and people of Florence.... to constitute a public testimonial of gratitude to the memory of such a man, in guild that virtue might non be unhonoured amongst Florentines, and that, in days to come up, other citizens may be incited to serve the commonwealth with might and wisdom.^[40]

Lorenzo was buried with his blood brother Giuliano in the Church of San Lorenzo in the blood-red porphyry sarcophagus designed for Piero and Giovanni de' Medici, not, every bit might be expected, in the New Sacristy, designed by Michelangelo. The latter holds the two monumental tombs of Lorenzo and Giuliano's less known namesakes: Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino, and Giuliano, Knuckles of Nemours.^[41] According to Williamson and others, the statues of the lesser Lorenzo and Giuliano were carved by Michelangelo to incorporate the essence of the famous men. In 1559, the bodies of Lorenzo de' Medici ("the Magnificent") and his blood brother Giuliano were interred in the New Sacristy in an unmarked tomb beneath Michelangelo's statue of the Madonna.^[41]

Lorenzo'south heir was his eldest son, Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici, known every bit "Piero the Unfortunate". In 1494, he squandered his begetter's patrimony and brought down the Medici dynasty in Florence. His second son, Giovanni, who became Pope Leo X, retook the city in 1512 with the aid of a Castilian army.^[42] In 1531, Lorenzo'southward nephew Giulio di Giuliano – whom Lorenzo had raised as his ain son, and who in 1523 became Pope Clement 7 – formalized Medici rule of Florence by installing Alessandro de' Medici the city's beginning hereditary duke.^[43]

In popular culture [edit]

• Lorenzo de' Medici is depicted equally a teenager in CBBC's Leonardo, played by player Colin Ryan.^[44]
• Lorenzo de' Medici appears as a supporting character to the protagonist, Ezio Auditore da Firenze, after they help foil the Pazzi conspirators in Assassin'southward Creed II.^[45]
• Lorenzo de' Medici is portrayed by Elliot Cowan in the 2013 Television set series Da Vinci'south Demons.^[46]
• Lorenzo de' Medici is portrayed by Daniel Sharman in the Idiot box series Medici: The Magnificent.^[47]

References [edit]

1. ^ Picotti, Giovanni Battista (1934). "Medici, Lorenzo de', detto il Magnifico". Enciclopedia Italiana . Retrieved 10 May 2018.
2. ^ Parks, Tim (2008). "Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence". The Art Book. New York: Due west.Due west. Norton & Co. 12 (4): 288. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8357.2005.00614.x. ISBN9781847656872.
3. ^ "Fact about Lorenzo de' Medici". 100 Leaders in earth history. Kenneth Eastward. Behring. 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved xv Nov 2008.
4. ^ Kent, F. Due west. (28 Dec 2006). Lorenzo De' Medici and the Art of Magnificence. Renaissance and Reformation. Vol. 27. USA: JHU Press. pp. 110–112. doi:10.1086/586785. ISBN0-8018-8627-ix. JSTOR 43445687.
5. ^ Brucker, Gene (21 March 2005). Living on the Edge in Leonardo'south Florence. Berkeley: University of California Printing. pp. 14–fifteen. doi:10.1177/02656914080380030604. ISBN9780520930995. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1ppkqw. S2CID 144626626.
6. ^ ^{a b} Hugh Ross Williamson, Lorenzo the Magnificent, Michael Joseph, (1974), ISBN 07181 12040
7. ^ Milligan, Gerry (26 August 2011). "Lucrezia Tornabuoni". Renaissance and Reformation. Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. doi:ten.1093/OBO/9780195399301-0174. ISBN9780195399301 . Retrieved 25 February 2015.
8. ^ Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 67
9. ^ Durant, Will (1953). The Renaissance. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 5. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 110.
10. ^ Davie, Marking (1989). "Luigi Pulci's Stanze per la Giostra: Poetry and Prose Accounts of a Florentine Joust of 1469". Italian Studies. 44 (i): 41–58. doi:10.1179/007516389790509128.
11. ^ Machiavelli, Niccolò (1906). The Florentine History. Vol. 2. London: Archibald Constable and Co. Express. p. 169.
12. ^ Poliziano, Angelo (1993). The Stanze of Angelo Poliziano. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania Land University Press. pp. ten. ISBN0271009373. OCLC 26718982.
13. ^ Christopher Hibbert, chapter 9
14. ^ Niccolò Machiavelli, History of Florence, Volume VIII, Chap. 7.
15. ^ Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 70
16. ^ Janet Ross. "Florentine Palaces & Their Stories". 14 August 2016. Folio 250.
17. ^ Walter, Ingeborg (2013). "Lorenzo der Prächtige: Mäzen, Schöngeist und Tyrann" [Lorenzo the Magnificent: Patron, Aesthete and Tyrant]. Damals (in German). Vol. 45, no. 3. p. 32.
18. ^ ^{a b c} Reinhardt, Volker (2013). "Die langsame Aushöhlung der Republik" [The Ho-hum and Steady Erosion of the Republic]. Damals (in German). Vol. 45, no. 3. pp. sixteen–23.
19. ^ Guicciardini, Francesco (1964). History of Italy and History of Florence. New York: Twayne Publishers. p. 8.
20. ^ ^{a b c} Thompson, Bard (1996). Humanists and Reformers: A History of the Renaissance and Reformation. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Visitor. pp. 189 ff. ISBN0-8028-6348-v.
21. ^ Jensen, De Lamar (1992). Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation. Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath and Visitor. p. 80.
22. ^ Durant, Will (1953). The Renaissance. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 5. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 125.
23. ^ Hancock, Lee (2005). Lorenzo de' Medici: Florence's Keen Leader and Patron of the Arts . The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 57. ISBN1-4042-0315-Ten.
24. ^ Martines, Lauro (2003). April Claret: Florence and the Plot Confronting the Medici. Oxford University Press.
25. ^ Inalcik, Halil (2000). The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600. London: Orion Publishing Group. p. 135. ISBN978-ane-84212-442-0.
26. ^ de Roover, Raymond (1963). The Rise and Reject of the Medici Banking concern, 1397–1494. Harvard University Press. pp. 152–154.
27. ^ Machiavelli, Niccolò (1906). The Florentine History. Vol. ii. London: Archibald Constable and Co. Limited. pp. 197–198.
28. ^ Durant, Will (1953). The Renaissance. The Story of Civilization. Vol. v. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 112.
29. ^ La Poesia di Lorenzo di Medici | The Verse of Lorenzo di Medici- Lydia Ugolini; Lecture (1985); Audio
30. ^ ^{a b} Schmidt, Eike D. (2013). "Mäzene auf den Spuren der Antike" [Patrons in the footsteps of Artifact]. Damals (in German). 45 (3): 36–43.
31. ^ Brucker, M., ed. (1971). The Gild of Renaissance Florence: A Documentary Study. New York: Harper & Row. p. 27.
32. ^ E. B. Fryde, Humanism and Renaissance Historiography (London, 1983), 137
33. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Tomas, Natalie R. (2003). The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 7, 21, 25. ISBN0754607771.
34. ^ J.Due north.D. Kelly, The Oxford Dictionary of Popes (Oxford 1986), p. 256.
35. ^ "Cosmic Encyclopedia: Pope Clement 7". www.newadvent.org.
36. ^ Donald Weinstein, Savonarola: The Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Prophet (New Oasis, 2011) Chap. 5: The Magnificent Lorenzo
37. ^ Cuvier, Georges (24 October 2019). Cuvier's History of the Natural Sciences: Xix lessons from the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Publications scientifiques du Muséum. p. 474. ISBN9782856538739.
38. ^ Drees, Clayton J. (2001). The Tardily Medieval Age of Crunch and Renewal, 1300-1500: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Grouping. p. 347. ISBN9780313305887.
39. ^ Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 268.
40. ^ Williamson, pp. 268–ix
41. ^ ^{a b} Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 270-80
42. ^ "History of the Medici". History World.
43. ^ "Alessandro de' Medici (1510–1537) • BlackPast". 9 December 2007.
44. ^ "Leonardo: Colin Ryan plays Lorenzo". BBC. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
45. ^ Kelly, Andy (ix March 2017). "Revisiting the renaissance with Assassin's Creed 2". PC Gamer. Future US, Inc. Retrieved x May 2018.
46. ^ Truitt, Brian (19 March 2014). "Who's who in 'Da Vinci's Demons' Season 2". Usa Today . Retrieved ten May 2018.
47. ^ Clarke, Stewart (10 Baronial 2017). "Daniel Sharman and Bradley James Join Netflix's 'Medici'". Variety. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved eleven August 2017.

Farther reading [edit]

• Lorenzo de' Medici, The Complete Literary Works, edited and translated by Guido A. Guarino (New York: Italica Press, 2016).
• Miles J. Unger, Magnifico: The Brilliant Life and Fierce Times of Lorenzo de' Medici (Simon and Schuster 2008) is a vividly colorful biography of this true "renaissance man", the uncrowned ruler of Florence during its aureate age.
• André Chastel, Fine art et Humanisme à Florence au temps de Laurent le Magnifique (Paris, 1959).
• Christopher Hibbert, The House of Medici: Its Ascension and Fall (Morrow-Quill, 1980) is a highly readable, non-scholarly full general history of the family, and covers Lorenzo'southward life in some detail.
• F. West. Kent, Lorenzo de' Medici and the Art of Magnificence (The Johns Hopkins Symposia in Comparative History) (The Johns Hopkins Academy Press, 2004) A summary of 40 years of research with a specific theme of Il Magnifico'due south human relationship with the visual arts.
• Peter Barenboim, Michelangelo Drawings – Central to the Medici Chapel Interpretation (Moscow, Letny Sad, 2006) ISBN 5-98856-016-4, is a new estimation of Lorenzo the Magnificent' image in the Medici Chapel.
• Barenboim P. D. / Peter Barenboim. (2017). "The Mouse that Michelangelo Did Cleave in the Medici Chapel: An Oriental Comment to the Famous Article of Erwin Panofsky".
• Barenboim, Peter (with Heath, Arthur). 500 years of the New Sacristy: Michelangelo in the Medici Chapel, LOOM, Moscow, 2019. ISBN 978-5-906072-42-nine
• Williamson, Hugh Ross, Lorenzo the Magnificent. Michael Joseph, London. (1974) ISBN 0-7181-1204-0
• Parks, Tim, Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence (West. W. Norton & Visitor 2005) ISBN 0393328457, is a mixture of history and finance, documenting the logistics of Lorenzo and the Medici Banks

Historical novels

• Robin Maxwell, Signora da Vinci (NAL Trade, 2009), a novel that follows Leonardo da Vinci's mother, Caterina, as she travels to Florence to be with her son.

External links [edit]

• Lorenzo de' Medici as patron
• "Info Delight | Lorenzo De' Medici"
• Works by Lorenzo de' Medici at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

tarryofflon.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici

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